A two-phase bromination process using tetraalkylammonium hydroxide for the practical synthesis of α-bromolactones from lactones

• Yuki Yamamoto,
• Akihiro Tabuchi,
• Kazumi Hosono,
• Takanori Ochi,
• Kento Yamazaki,
• Shintaro Kodama,
• Akihiro Nomoto and
• Akiya Ogawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2906–2914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.198

• ring-opened with Br2 and a substoichiometric amount of PBr3, leading to good yields of the corresponding α-bromocarboxylic acids. Subsequent intramolecular cyclization over 1 h using a two-phase system (H2O/CHCl3) containing R4N+OH− afforded α-bromo lactones in good yields. This method can be applied

• facilitate the industrial use of α-bromolactones as important intermediates. Keywords: α-bromolactone; metal-free; one-pot operation; tetraalkylammonium hydroxide; two-phase system; Introduction Lactones are important heterocycles in the organic chemistry, materials science, and medicinal chemistry fields

• through ring-closing reactions that involve the elimination of HBr; notably, ring-closure is successfully promoted in a two-phase system (Scheme 1b). Furthermore, we also report the simple one-pot transformations of lactone derivatives using α-bromolactones as key intermediates. Results and Discussion We

The preparation and properties of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives

• Kymbat S. Adekenova,
• Peter B. Wyatt and
• Sergazy M. Adekenov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 245–272, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.25

A novel and practical asymmetric synthesis of eptazocine hydrobromide

• Ruipeng Li,
• Zhenren Liu,
• Liang Chen,
• Jing Pan,
• Kuaile Lin and
• Weicheng Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2340–2347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.209

• Mannich reaction to construct the tricyclic framework of 6. The study started with the alkylation under catalysis of 3 in a two-phase system of chlorobenzene and 50% aqueous NaOH solution based on our previous report [14]. When the reaction was run at 0–5 °C, an excellent yield (70%) and enantiomeric

Enantioselective phase-transfer catalyzed alkylation of 1-methyl-7-methoxy-2-tetralone: an effective route to dezocine

• Ruipeng Li,
• Zhenren Liu,
• Liang Chen,
• Jing Pan and
• Weicheng Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.119

• ] that the alkylation of 2 in the catalysis of N-(p-trifluoromethylbenzyl)cinchonidinium bromide in a two-phase system gave the enantioselective product 3a, although the ee value of the product was 60%, determined by 1H NMR. And so far, no further report on the stereoselective alkylation of 2a was found

• -trifluoromethylbenzyl bromide [14]. Quinine was reacted with 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl bromide or 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide to obtain C16 or C17. In the beginning, the alkylation of 2 in the catalysis of C1 in the two-phase system (toluene and 50% NaOH aqueous solution) was tested, although the yield was

Mechanically induced oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones in ambient air: Revisiting TEMPO-assisted oxidations

• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Evelina Colacino,
• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Francesco Delogu and
• Lidia De Luca

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2049–2055, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.202

• -phase system buffered at pH 8.5–9.5 [20]. Over the years, bleach has been replaced with an impressively long list of other co-oxidants [21], which are sometimes very expensive, and exhibit a wide spectrum of effectiveness (Scheme 1) [22][23]. Recently, Stahl [24] developed a practical CuI/TEMPO-based

• -tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) as the catalytic oxidising agent (Anelli–Montanari reaction) has been the main driving force behind the successful development of greener oxidation procedures [18][19]. The classic Anelli–Montanari oxidation requires aqueous NaOCl (bleach) as a co-oxidant, and it works in a CH2Cl2/H2O two

Framing major prebiotic transitions as stages of protocell development: three challenges for origins-of-life research

• Ben Shirt-Ediss,
• Sara Murillo-Sánchez and
• Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1388–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.135

• , the majority of ‘compartment-first’ approaches have focused on a second research objective: capturing cell-like behaviours by means of vesicle model systems. Compartmentalization could initially be tried with a two-phase system (e.g., droplets or micro-emulsions) but liposome research techniques

Synthesis of ferrocenyl-substituted 1,3-dithiolanes via [3 + 2]-cycloadditions of ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones with thiocarbonyl S-methanides

• Grzegorz Mlostoń,
• Róża Hamera-Fałdyga,
• Anthony Linden and
• Heinz Heimgartner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.136

• -nitrosotoluene-4-sulfonylmethylamide by treatment with aqueous KOH solution in a two-phase system with diethyl ether at room temperature. After separation of the ethereal phase it was dried over KOH pellets and used for further experiments with no distillation. Other reagents used in the present study were

One-pot odourless synthesis of thioesters via in situ generation of thiobenzoic acids using benzoic anhydrides and thiourea

• Mohammad Abbasi and
• Reza Khalifeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1265–1273, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.141

• reaction between thiourea and carboxylic anhydrides was investigated. As a model reaction, a mixture of well-powdered benzoic anhydride (1 mmol) and thiourea (1.1 mmol) in Et3N (0.5 mL) was stirred at 40 °C. The starting benzoic anhydride was gradually consumed within 0.5 h and a two-phase system

Recent advances in the electrochemical construction of heterocycles

• Robert Francke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2858–2873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.303

• . described an indirect electrochemical method for the generation of 2-substituted benzoxazoles from Schiff bases (Scheme 19) [64]. Using 20 mol % NaI as redox mediator, the electrolysis is conducted under galvanostatic conditions in an undivided cell. A two-phase system composed of a sodium carbonate buffer

Addition of H-phosphonates to quinine-derived carbonyl compounds. An unexpected C9 phosphonate–phosphate rearrangement and tandem intramolecular piperidine elimination

• Łukasz Górecki,
• Artur Mucha and
• Paweł Kafarski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 883–889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.85

• cleavage on silica in a two-phase system led predominantly to the C3 epimer of the R configuration 90:10 (yield 93%) in a short reaction time [27]. In our case, when the reaction time was prolonged to 2 hours, the overall yield remained at the same level while the diastereoselectivity was reduced to 71:29

Reduction of benzylic alcohols and α-hydroxycarbonyl compounds by hydriodic acid in a biphasic reaction medium

• Michael Dobmeier,
• Josef M. Herrmann,
• Dieter Lenoir and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 330–336, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.36

• HI favors the elimination of water, while higher HI concentrations lead to substitution and reduction products. Conclusion Toluene and aqueous hydriodic acid are a suitable biphasic reaction mixture for the reduction of a range of benzylic alcohols. The two-phase system makes the Kiliani protocol

Novel carbazole–pyridine copolymers by an economical method: synthesis, spectroscopic and thermochemical studies

• Aamer Saeed,
• Madiha Irfan and
• Shahid Ameen Samra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 638–647, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.75

• expensive catalysts. Results and Discussion The synthetic pathway employed to prepare the monomers is outlined in Scheme 1. N-Butyl and N-octylcarbazoles were synthesized by heating a mixture of carbazole and the respective alkyl halide in a two phase system of aqueous KOH (50%) and benzene in the presence